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229 Commits
gyro-calib
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67
.github/workflows/build.yml
vendored
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ on:
|
||||
branches: [ '*' ]
|
||||
pull_request:
|
||||
branches: [ master ]
|
||||
workflow_dispatch:
|
||||
|
||||
jobs:
|
||||
build_linux:
|
||||
@@ -14,7 +15,18 @@ jobs:
|
||||
- name: Install Arduino CLI
|
||||
run: curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/arduino/arduino-cli/master/install.sh | BINDIR=/usr/local/bin sh
|
||||
- name: Build firmware
|
||||
env:
|
||||
ARDUINO_SKETCH_ALWAYS_EXPORT_BINARIES: 1
|
||||
run: make
|
||||
- name: Upload binaries
|
||||
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
|
||||
with:
|
||||
name: firmware-binary
|
||||
path: flix/build
|
||||
- name: Build firmware for ESP32-S3
|
||||
run: make BOARD=esp32:esp32:esp32s3
|
||||
- name: Build firmware with WiFi disabled
|
||||
run: sed -i 's/^#define WIFI_ENABLED 1$/#define WIFI_ENABLED 0/' flix/flix.ino && make
|
||||
- name: Check c_cpp_properties.json
|
||||
run: tools/check_c_cpp_properties.py
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -44,38 +56,49 @@ jobs:
|
||||
|
||||
build_simulator:
|
||||
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
|
||||
container:
|
||||
image: ubuntu:20.04
|
||||
steps:
|
||||
- name: Install dependencies
|
||||
run: |
|
||||
apt-get update
|
||||
DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y curl wget build-essential cmake g++ pkg-config gnupg2 lsb-release sudo
|
||||
- name: Install Arduino CLI
|
||||
uses: arduino/setup-arduino-cli@v1.1.1
|
||||
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
|
||||
- name: Install Gazebo
|
||||
run: curl -sSL http://get.gazebosim.org | sh
|
||||
run: |
|
||||
sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://packages.osrfoundation.org/gazebo/ubuntu-stable `lsb_release -cs` main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/gazebo-stable.list'
|
||||
wget https://packages.osrfoundation.org/gazebo.key -O - | sudo apt-key add -
|
||||
sudo apt-get update
|
||||
sudo apt-get install -y gazebo11 libgazebo11-dev
|
||||
- name: Install SDL2
|
||||
run: sudo apt-get install libsdl2-dev
|
||||
run: sudo apt-get install -y libsdl2-dev
|
||||
- name: Build simulator
|
||||
run: make build_simulator
|
||||
- uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
|
||||
- uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
|
||||
with:
|
||||
name: gazebo-plugin-binary
|
||||
path: gazebo/build/*.so
|
||||
retention-days: 1
|
||||
|
||||
# build_simulator_macos:
|
||||
# runs-on: macos-latest
|
||||
# steps:
|
||||
# - name: Install Arduino CLI
|
||||
# run: brew install arduino-cli
|
||||
# - uses: actions/checkout@v4
|
||||
# - name: Clean up python binaries # Workaround for https://github.com/actions/setup-python/issues/577
|
||||
# run: |
|
||||
# rm -f /usr/local/bin/2to3*
|
||||
# rm -f /usr/local/bin/idle3*
|
||||
# rm -f /usr/local/bin/pydoc3*
|
||||
# rm -f /usr/local/bin/python3*
|
||||
# rm -f /usr/local/bin/python3*-config
|
||||
# - name: Install Gazebo
|
||||
# run: brew update && brew tap osrf/simulation && brew install gazebo11
|
||||
# - name: Install SDL2
|
||||
# run: brew install sdl2
|
||||
# - name: Build simulator
|
||||
# run: make build_simulator
|
||||
build_simulator_macos:
|
||||
runs-on: macos-latest
|
||||
if: github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch'
|
||||
steps:
|
||||
- name: Install Arduino CLI
|
||||
run: brew install arduino-cli
|
||||
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
|
||||
- name: Clean up python binaries # Workaround for https://github.com/actions/setup-python/issues/577
|
||||
run: |
|
||||
rm -f /usr/local/bin/2to3*
|
||||
rm -f /usr/local/bin/idle3*
|
||||
rm -f /usr/local/bin/pydoc3*
|
||||
rm -f /usr/local/bin/python3*
|
||||
rm -f /usr/local/bin/python3*-config
|
||||
- name: Install Gazebo
|
||||
run: brew update && brew tap osrf/simulation && brew install gazebo11
|
||||
- name: Install SDL2
|
||||
run: brew install sdl2
|
||||
- name: Build simulator
|
||||
run: make build_simulator
|
||||
|
||||
15
.github/workflows/tools.yml
vendored
@@ -19,6 +19,21 @@ jobs:
|
||||
echo -e "t,x,y,z\n0,1,2,3\n1,4,5,6" > log.csv
|
||||
./csv_to_ulog log.csv
|
||||
test $(stat -c %s log.ulg) -eq 196
|
||||
pyflix:
|
||||
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
|
||||
steps:
|
||||
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
|
||||
- name: Install Python build tools
|
||||
run: pip install build
|
||||
- name: Build pyflix
|
||||
run: python3 -m build tools
|
||||
- name: Upload artifacts
|
||||
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
|
||||
with:
|
||||
name: pyflix
|
||||
path: |
|
||||
tools/dist/pyflix-*.tar.gz
|
||||
tools/dist/pyflix-*.whl
|
||||
python_tools:
|
||||
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
|
||||
steps:
|
||||
|
||||
2
.gitignore
vendored
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
|
||||
*.elf
|
||||
build/
|
||||
tools/log/
|
||||
tools/dist/
|
||||
*.egg-info/
|
||||
.dependencies
|
||||
.vscode/*
|
||||
!.vscode/settings.json
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
|
||||
"MD024": false,
|
||||
"MD033": false,
|
||||
"MD034": false,
|
||||
"MD059": false,
|
||||
"MD044": {
|
||||
"html_elements": false,
|
||||
"code_blocks": false,
|
||||
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@
|
||||
"MPU-6050",
|
||||
"MPU-9250",
|
||||
"GY-91",
|
||||
"GY-521",
|
||||
"ICM-20948",
|
||||
"Linux",
|
||||
"Windows",
|
||||
@@ -63,5 +65,6 @@
|
||||
"PX4"
|
||||
]
|
||||
},
|
||||
"MD045": false
|
||||
"MD045": false,
|
||||
"MD060": false
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
60
.vscode/c_cpp_properties.json
vendored
@@ -5,18 +5,20 @@
|
||||
"includePath": [
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix",
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/gazebo",
|
||||
"~/.arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.0.7/cores/esp32",
|
||||
"~/.arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.0.7/libraries/**",
|
||||
"~/.arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.0.7/variants/d1_mini32",
|
||||
"~/.arduino15/packages/esp32/tools/esp32-arduino-libs/idf-release_v5.1-632e0c2a/esp32/**",
|
||||
"~/.arduino15/packages/esp32/tools/esp32-arduino-libs/idf-release_v5.1-632e0c2a/esp32/dio_qspi/include",
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/tools/**",
|
||||
"~/.arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.2.0/cores/esp32",
|
||||
"~/.arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.2.0/libraries/**",
|
||||
"~/.arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.2.0/variants/d1_mini32",
|
||||
"~/.arduino15/packages/esp32/tools/esp32-arduino-libs/idf-release_v5.4-2f7dcd86-v1/esp32/**",
|
||||
"~/.arduino15/packages/esp32/tools/esp32-arduino-libs/idf-release_v5.4-2f7dcd86-v1/esp32/dio_qspi/include",
|
||||
"~/Arduino/libraries/**",
|
||||
"/usr/include/**"
|
||||
"/usr/include/gazebo-11/",
|
||||
"/usr/include/ignition/math6/"
|
||||
],
|
||||
"forcedInclude": [
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/.vscode/intellisense.h",
|
||||
"~/.arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.0.7/cores/esp32/Arduino.h",
|
||||
"~/.arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.0.7/variants/d1_mini32/pins_arduino.h",
|
||||
"~/.arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.2.0/cores/esp32/Arduino.h",
|
||||
"~/.arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.2.0/variants/d1_mini32/pins_arduino.h",
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix/cli.ino",
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix/control.ino",
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix/estimate.ino",
|
||||
@@ -28,11 +30,10 @@
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix/motors.ino",
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix/rc.ino",
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix/time.ino",
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix/util.ino",
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix/wifi.ino",
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix/parameters.ino"
|
||||
],
|
||||
"compilerPath": "~/.arduino15/packages/esp32/tools/esp-x32/2302/bin/xtensa-esp32-elf-g++",
|
||||
"compilerPath": "~/.arduino15/packages/esp32/tools/esp-x32/2411/bin/xtensa-esp32-elf-g++",
|
||||
"cStandard": "c11",
|
||||
"cppStandard": "c++17",
|
||||
"defines": [
|
||||
@@ -52,19 +53,19 @@
|
||||
"name": "Mac",
|
||||
"includePath": [
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix",
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/gazebo",
|
||||
"~/Library/Arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.0.7/cores/esp32",
|
||||
"~/Library/Arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.0.7/libraries/**",
|
||||
"~/Library/Arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.0.7/variants/d1_mini32",
|
||||
"~/Library/Arduino15/packages/esp32/tools/esp32-arduino-libs/idf-release_v5.1-632e0c2a/esp32/include/**",
|
||||
"~/Library/Arduino15/packages/esp32/tools/esp32-arduino-libs/idf-release_v5.1-632e0c2a/esp32/dio_qspi/include",
|
||||
"~/Library/Arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.2.0/cores/esp32",
|
||||
"~/Library/Arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.2.0/libraries/**",
|
||||
"~/Library/Arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.2.0/variants/d1_mini32",
|
||||
"~/Library/Arduino15/packages/esp32/tools/esp32-arduino-libs/idf-release_v5.4-2f7dcd86-v1/esp32/include/**",
|
||||
"~/Library/Arduino15/packages/esp32/tools/esp32-arduino-libs/idf-release_v5.4-2f7dcd86-v1/esp32/dio_qspi/include",
|
||||
"~/Documents/Arduino/libraries/**",
|
||||
"/opt/homebrew/include/**"
|
||||
"/opt/homebrew/include/gazebo-11/",
|
||||
"/opt/homebrew/include/ignition/math6/"
|
||||
],
|
||||
"forcedInclude": [
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/.vscode/intellisense.h",
|
||||
"~/Library/Arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.0.7/cores/esp32/Arduino.h",
|
||||
"~/Library/Arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.0.7/variants/d1_mini32/pins_arduino.h",
|
||||
"~/Library/Arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.2.0/cores/esp32/Arduino.h",
|
||||
"~/Library/Arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.2.0/variants/d1_mini32/pins_arduino.h",
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix/flix.ino",
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix/cli.ino",
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix/control.ino",
|
||||
@@ -76,11 +77,10 @@
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix/motors.ino",
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix/rc.ino",
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix/time.ino",
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix/util.ino",
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix/wifi.ino",
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix/parameters.ino"
|
||||
],
|
||||
"compilerPath": "~/Library/Arduino15/packages/esp32/tools/esp-x32/2302/bin/xtensa-esp32-elf-g++",
|
||||
"compilerPath": "~/Library/Arduino15/packages/esp32/tools/esp-x32/2411/bin/xtensa-esp32-elf-g++",
|
||||
"cStandard": "c11",
|
||||
"cppStandard": "c++17",
|
||||
"defines": [
|
||||
@@ -102,17 +102,18 @@
|
||||
"includePath": [
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix",
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/gazebo",
|
||||
"~/AppData/Local/Arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.0.7/cores/esp32",
|
||||
"~/AppData/Local/Arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.0.7/libraries/**",
|
||||
"~/AppData/Local/Arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.0.7/variants/d1_mini32",
|
||||
"~/AppData/Local/Arduino15/packages/esp32/tools/esp32-arduino-libs/idf-release_v5.1-632e0c2a/esp32/**",
|
||||
"~/AppData/Local/Arduino15/packages/esp32/tools/esp32-arduino-libs/idf-release_v5.1-632e0c2a/esp32/dio_qspi/include",
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/tools/**",
|
||||
"~/AppData/Local/Arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.2.0/cores/esp32",
|
||||
"~/AppData/Local/Arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.2.0/libraries/**",
|
||||
"~/AppData/Local/Arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.2.0/variants/d1_mini32",
|
||||
"~/AppData/Local/Arduino15/packages/esp32/tools/esp32-arduino-libs/idf-release_v5.4-2f7dcd86-v1/esp32/**",
|
||||
"~/AppData/Local/Arduino15/packages/esp32/tools/esp32-arduino-libs/idf-release_v5.4-2f7dcd86-v1/esp32/dio_qspi/include",
|
||||
"~/Documents/Arduino/libraries/**"
|
||||
],
|
||||
"forcedInclude": [
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/.vscode/intellisense.h",
|
||||
"~/AppData/Local/Arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.0.7/cores/esp32/Arduino.h",
|
||||
"~/AppData/Local/Arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.0.7/variants/d1_mini32/pins_arduino.h",
|
||||
"~/AppData/Local/Arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.2.0/cores/esp32/Arduino.h",
|
||||
"~/AppData/Local/Arduino15/packages/esp32/hardware/esp32/3.2.0/variants/d1_mini32/pins_arduino.h",
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix/cli.ino",
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix/control.ino",
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix/estimate.ino",
|
||||
@@ -124,11 +125,10 @@
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix/motors.ino",
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix/rc.ino",
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix/time.ino",
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix/util.ino",
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix/wifi.ino",
|
||||
"${workspaceFolder}/flix/parameters.ino"
|
||||
],
|
||||
"compilerPath": "~/AppData/Local/Arduino15/packages/esp32/tools/esp-x32/2302/bin/xtensa-esp32-elf-g++.exe",
|
||||
"compilerPath": "~/AppData/Local/Arduino15/packages/esp32/tools/esp-x32/2411/bin/xtensa-esp32-elf-g++.exe",
|
||||
"cStandard": "c11",
|
||||
"cppStandard": "c++17",
|
||||
"defines": [
|
||||
|
||||
1
.vscode/extensions.json
vendored
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
|
||||
// See https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=827846 to learn about workspace recommendations.
|
||||
"recommendations": [
|
||||
"ms-vscode.cpptools",
|
||||
"twxs.cmake",
|
||||
"ms-vscode.cmake-tools",
|
||||
"ms-python.python"
|
||||
],
|
||||
|
||||
1
.vscode/settings.json
vendored
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"C_Cpp.intelliSenseEngineFallback": "enabled",
|
||||
"C_Cpp.errorSquiggles": "disabled",
|
||||
"files.associations": {
|
||||
"*.sdf": "xml",
|
||||
"*.ino": "cpp",
|
||||
|
||||
6
Makefile
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ monitor:
|
||||
|
||||
dependencies .dependencies:
|
||||
arduino-cli core update-index --config-file arduino-cli.yaml
|
||||
arduino-cli core install esp32:esp32@3.0.7 --config-file arduino-cli.yaml
|
||||
arduino-cli core install esp32:esp32@3.2.0 --config-file arduino-cli.yaml
|
||||
arduino-cli lib update-index
|
||||
arduino-cli lib install "FlixPeriph"
|
||||
arduino-cli lib install "MAVLink"@2.0.12
|
||||
arduino-cli lib install "MAVLink"@2.0.16
|
||||
touch .dependencies
|
||||
|
||||
gazebo/build cmake: gazebo/CMakeLists.txt
|
||||
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ simulator: build_simulator
|
||||
gazebo --verbose ${CURDIR}/gazebo/flix.world
|
||||
|
||||
log:
|
||||
PORT=$(PORT) tools/grab_log.py
|
||||
tools/log.py
|
||||
|
||||
plot:
|
||||
plotjuggler -d $(shell ls -t tools/log/*.csv | head -n1)
|
||||
|
||||
140
README.md
@@ -1,79 +1,98 @@
|
||||
# Flix
|
||||
|
||||
**Flix** (*flight + X*) — making an open source ESP32-based quadcopter from scratch.
|
||||
**Flix** (*flight + X*) — open source ESP32-based quadcopter made from scratch.
|
||||
|
||||
<table>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align=center><strong>Version 1</strong> (3D-printed frame)</td>
|
||||
<td align=center><strong>Version 1.1</strong> (3D-printed frame)</td>
|
||||
<td align=center><strong>Version 0</strong></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><img src="docs/img/flix1.jpg" width=500 alt="Flix quadcopter"></td>
|
||||
<td><img src="docs/img/flix1.1.jpg" width=500 alt="Flix quadcopter"></td>
|
||||
<td><img src="docs/img/flix.jpg" width=500 alt="Flix quadcopter"></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
## Features
|
||||
|
||||
* Simple and clean Arduino based source code.
|
||||
* Acro and Stabilized flight using remote control.
|
||||
* Precise simulation using Gazebo.
|
||||
* [In-RAM logging](docs/log.md).
|
||||
* Command line interface through USB port.
|
||||
* Wi-Fi support.
|
||||
* MAVLink support.
|
||||
* Control using mobile phone (with QGroundControl app).
|
||||
* Completely 3D-printed frame.
|
||||
* Textbook for students on writing a flight controller ([in development](https://quadcopter.dev)).
|
||||
* *Position control and autonomous flights using external camera¹*.
|
||||
* [Building and running instructions](docs/build.md).
|
||||
* Dedicated for education and research.
|
||||
* Made from general-purpose components.
|
||||
* Simple and clean source code in Arduino (<2k lines firmware).
|
||||
* Control using USB gamepad, remote control or smartphone.
|
||||
* Wi-Fi and MAVLink support.
|
||||
* Wireless command line interface and analyzing.
|
||||
* Precise simulation with Gazebo.
|
||||
* Python library.
|
||||
* Textbook on flight control theory and practice ([in development](https://quadcopter.dev)).
|
||||
* *Position control (using external camera) and autonomous flights¹*.
|
||||
|
||||
*¹ — planned.*
|
||||
|
||||
## It actually flies
|
||||
|
||||
See detailed demo video (for version 0): https://youtu.be/8GzzIQ3C6DQ.
|
||||
See detailed demo video: https://youtu.be/hT46CZ1CgC4.
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://youtu.be/hT46CZ1CgC4"><img width=500 src="https://i3.ytimg.com/vi/hT46CZ1CgC4/maxresdefault.jpg"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
Version 0 demo video: https://youtu.be/8GzzIQ3C6DQ.
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://youtu.be/8GzzIQ3C6DQ"><img width=500 src="https://i3.ytimg.com/vi/8GzzIQ3C6DQ/maxresdefault.jpg"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
Version 1 test flight: https://t.me/opensourcequadcopter/42.
|
||||
Usage in education (RoboCamp): https://youtu.be/Wd3yaorjTx0.
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="https://t.me/opensourcequadcopter/42"><img width=500 src="docs/img/flight-video.jpg"></a>
|
||||
<a href="https://youtu.be/Wd3yaorjTx0"><img width=500 src="https://i3.ytimg.com/vi/Wd3yaorjTx0/sddefault.jpg"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
See the [user builds gallery](docs/user.md):
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="docs/user.md"><img src="docs/img/user/user.jpg" width=500></a>
|
||||
|
||||
## Simulation
|
||||
|
||||
The simulator is implemented using Gazebo and runs the original Arduino code:
|
||||
|
||||
<img src="docs/img/simulator.png" width=500 alt="Flix simulator">
|
||||
<img src="docs/img/simulator1.png" width=500 alt="Flix simulator">
|
||||
|
||||
See [instructions on running the simulation](docs/build.md).
|
||||
## Documentation
|
||||
|
||||
## Components (version 1)
|
||||
1. [Assembly instructions](docs/assembly.md).
|
||||
2. [Usage: build, setup and flight](docs/usage.md).
|
||||
3. [Simulation](gazebo/README.md).
|
||||
4. [Python library](tools/pyflix/README.md).
|
||||
|
||||
Additional articles:
|
||||
|
||||
* [User builds gallery](docs/user.md).
|
||||
* [Firmware architectural overview](docs/firmware.md).
|
||||
* [Troubleshooting](docs/troubleshooting.md).
|
||||
* [Log analysis](docs/log.md).
|
||||
|
||||
## Components
|
||||
|
||||
|Type|Part|Image|Quantity|
|
||||
|-|-|:-:|:-:|
|
||||
|Microcontroller board|ESP32 Mini|<img src="docs/img/esp32.jpg" width=100>|1|
|
||||
|IMU (and barometer²) board|GY‑91 (or other MPU‑9250/MPU‑6500 board), ICM‑20948³|<img src="docs/img/gy-91.jpg" width=90 align=center><img src="docs/img/icm-20948.jpg" width=100>|1|
|
||||
|Motor|8520 3.7V brushed motor (**shaft 0.8mm!**)|<img src="docs/img/motor.jpeg" width=100>|4|
|
||||
|Propeller|Hubsan 55 mm|<img src="docs/img/prop.jpg" width=100>|4|
|
||||
|IMU (and barometer¹) board|GY‑91, MPU-9265 (or other MPU‑9250/MPU‑6500 board)<br>ICM20948V2 (ICM‑20948)³<br>GY-521 (MPU-6050)³⁻¹|<img src="docs/img/gy-91.jpg" width=90 align=center><br><img src="docs/img/icm-20948.jpg" width=100><br><img src="docs/img/gy-521.jpg" width=100>|1|
|
||||
|Boost converter (optional, for more stable power supply)|5V output|<img src="docs/img/buck-boost.jpg" width=100>|1|
|
||||
|Motor|8520 3.7V brushed motor.<br>Motor with exact 3.7V voltage is needed, not ranged working voltage (3.7V — 6V).<br>Make sure the motor shaft diameter and propeller hole diameter match!|<img src="docs/img/motor.jpeg" width=100>|4|
|
||||
|Propeller|55 mm (alternatively 65 mm)|<img src="docs/img/prop.jpg" width=100>|4|
|
||||
|MOSFET (transistor)|100N03A or [analog](https://t.me/opensourcequadcopter/33)|<img src="docs/img/100n03a.jpg" width=100>|4|
|
||||
|Pull-down resistor|10 kΩ|<img src="docs/img/resistor10k.jpg" width=100>|4|
|
||||
|3.7V Li-Po battery|LW 952540 (or any compatible by the size)|<img src="docs/img/battery.jpg" width=100>|1|
|
||||
|Battery connector cable|MX2.0 2P female|<img src="docs/img/mx.png" width=100>|1|
|
||||
|Li-Po Battery charger|Any|<img src="docs/img/charger.jpg" width=100>|1|
|
||||
|Screws for IMU board mounting|M3x5|<img src="docs/img/screw-m3.jpg" width=100>|2|
|
||||
|Screws for frame assembly|M1.4x5|<img src="docs/img/screw-m1.4.jpg" height=30 align=center>|4|
|
||||
|Frame bottom part|3D printed⁴:<br>[`flix-frame.stl`](docs/assets/flix-frame.stl) [`flix-frame.step`](docs/assets/flix-frame.step)|<img src="docs/img/frame1.jpg" width=100>|1|
|
||||
|Frame top part|3D printed:<br>[`esp32-holder.stl`](docs/assets/esp32-holder.stl) [`esp32-holder.step`](docs/assets/esp32-holder.step)|<img src="docs/img/esp32-holder.jpg" width=100>|1|
|
||||
|Washer for IMU board mounting|3D printed:<br>[`washer-m3.stl`](docs/assets/washer-m3.stl) [`washer-m3.step`](docs/assets/washer-m3.step)|<img src="docs/img/washer-m3.jpg" width=100>|1|
|
||||
|*RC transmitter (optional)*|*KINGKONG TINY X8 or other⁵*|<img src="docs/img/tx.jpg" width=100>|1|
|
||||
|*RC receiver (optional)*|*DF500 or other⁵*|<img src="docs/img/rx.jpg" width=100>|1|
|
||||
|Frame main part|3D printed²: [`stl`](docs/assets/flix-frame-1.1.stl) [`step`](docs/assets/flix-frame-1.1.step)<br>Recommended settings: layer 0.2 mm, line 0.4 mm, infill 100%.|<img src="docs/img/frame1.jpg" width=100>|1|
|
||||
|Frame top part|3D printed: [`stl`](docs/assets/esp32-holder.stl) [`step`](docs/assets/esp32-holder.step)|<img src="docs/img/esp32-holder.jpg" width=100>|1|
|
||||
|Washer for IMU board mounting|3D printed: [`stl`](docs/assets/washer-m3.stl) [`step`](docs/assets/washer-m3.step)|<img src="docs/img/washer-m3.jpg" width=100>|2|
|
||||
|Controller (recommended)|CC2500 transmitter, like BetaFPV LiteRadio CC2500 (RC receiver/Wi-Fi).<br>Two-sticks gamepad (Wi-Fi only) — see [recommended gamepads](https://docs.qgroundcontrol.com/master/en/qgc-user-guide/setup_view/joystick.html#supported-joysticks).<br>Other⁵|<img src="docs/img/betafpv.jpg" width=100><img src="docs/img/logitech.jpg" width=80>|1|
|
||||
|*RC receiver (optional)*|*DF500 or other³*|<img src="docs/img/rx.jpg" width=100>|1|
|
||||
|Wires|28 AWG recommended|<img src="docs/img/wire-28awg.jpg" width=100>||
|
||||
|Tape, double-sided tape||||
|
||||
|
||||
*² — barometer is not used for now.*<br>
|
||||
*³ — change `MPU9250` to `ICM20948` in `imu.ino` file if using ICM-20948 board.*<br>
|
||||
*⁴ — this frame is optimized for GY-91 board, if using other, the board mount holes positions should be modified.*<br>
|
||||
*⁵ — you may use any transmitter-receiver pair with SBUS interface.*
|
||||
*¹ — barometer is not used for now.*<br>
|
||||
*² — this frame is optimized for GY-91 board, if using other, the board mount holes positions should be modified.*<br>
|
||||
*³ — you also may use any transmitter-receiver pair with SBUS interface.*
|
||||
|
||||
Tools required for assembly:
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -83,19 +102,21 @@ Tools required for assembly:
|
||||
* Screwdrivers.
|
||||
* Multimeter.
|
||||
|
||||
Feel free to modify the design and or code, and create your own improved versions of Flix! Send your results to the [official Telegram chat](https://t.me/opensourcequadcopterchat), or directly to the author ([E-mail](mailto:okalachev@gmail.com), [Telegram](https://t.me/okalachev)).
|
||||
Feel free to modify the design and or code, and create your own improved versions. Send your results to the [official Telegram chat](https://t.me/opensourcequadcopterchat), or directly to the author ([E-mail](mailto:okalachev@gmail.com), [Telegram](https://t.me/okalachev)).
|
||||
|
||||
## Schematics (version 1)
|
||||
## Schematics
|
||||
|
||||
### Simplified connection diagram
|
||||
|
||||
<img src="docs/img/schematics1.svg" width=800 alt="Flix version 1 schematics">
|
||||
<img src="docs/img/schematics1.svg" width=700 alt="Flix version 1 schematics">
|
||||
|
||||
*(Dashed elements are optional).*
|
||||
|
||||
Motor connection scheme:
|
||||
|
||||
<img src="docs/img/mosfet-connection.png" height=400 alt="MOSFET connection scheme">
|
||||
|
||||
Complete diagram is Work-in-Progress.
|
||||
You can see a user-contributed [variant of complete circuit diagram](https://miro.com/app/board/uXjVN-dTjoo=/?moveToWidget=3458764612338222067&cot=14) of the drone.
|
||||
|
||||
### Notes
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -114,43 +135,34 @@ Complete diagram is Work-in-Progress.
|
||||
* Solder pull-down resistors to the MOSFETs.
|
||||
* Connect the motors to the ESP32 Mini using MOSFETs, by following scheme:
|
||||
|
||||
|Motor|Position|Direction|Wires|GPIO|
|
||||
|-|-|-|-|-|
|
||||
|Motor 0|Rear left|Counter-clockwise|Black & White|GPIO12|
|
||||
|Motor 1|Rear right|Clockwise|Blue & Red|GPIO13|
|
||||
|Motor 2|Front right|Counter-clockwise|Black & White|GPIO14|
|
||||
|Motor 3|Front left|Clockwise|Blue & Red|GPIO15|
|
||||
|Motor|Position|Direction|Prop type|Motor wires|GPIO|
|
||||
|-|-|-|-|-|-|
|
||||
|Motor 0|Rear left|Counter-clockwise|B|Black & White|GPIO12 (*TDI*)|
|
||||
|Motor 1|Rear right|Clockwise|A|Blue & Red|GPIO13 (*TCK*)|
|
||||
|Motor 2|Front right|Counter-clockwise|B|Black & White|GPIO14 (*TMS*)|
|
||||
|Motor 3|Front left|Clockwise|A|Blue & Red|GPIO15 (*TD0*)|
|
||||
|
||||
Counter-clockwise motors have black and white wires and clockwise motors have blue and red wires.
|
||||
Clockwise motors have blue & red wires and correspond to propeller type A (marked on the propeller).
|
||||
Counter-clockwise motors have black & white wires correspond to propeller type B.
|
||||
|
||||
* Optionally connect the RC receiver to the ESP32's UART2:
|
||||
|
||||
|Receiver pin|ESP32 pin|
|
||||
|-|-|
|
||||
|GND|GND|
|
||||
|VIN|VC (or 3.3V depending on the receiver)|
|
||||
|Signal|GPIO4⁶|
|
||||
|VIN|VCC (or 3.3V depending on the receiver)|
|
||||
|Signal (TX)|GPIO4¹|
|
||||
|
||||
*⁶ — UART2 RX pin was [changed](https://docs.espressif.com/projects/arduino-esp32/en/latest/migration_guides/2.x_to_3.0.html#id14) to GPIO4 in Arduino ESP32 core 3.0.*
|
||||
*¹ — UART2 RX pin was [changed](https://docs.espressif.com/projects/arduino-esp32/en/latest/migration_guides/2.x_to_3.0.html#id14) to GPIO4 in Arduino ESP32 core 3.0.*
|
||||
|
||||
### IMU placement
|
||||
## Resources
|
||||
|
||||
Default IMU orientation in the code is **LFD** (Left-Forward-Down):
|
||||
* Telegram channel on developing the drone and the flight controller (in Russian): https://t.me/opensourcequadcopter.
|
||||
* Official Telegram chat: https://t.me/opensourcequadcopterchat.
|
||||
* Detailed article on Habr.com about the development of the drone (in Russian): https://habr.com/ru/articles/814127/.
|
||||
|
||||
<img src="docs/img/gy91-lfd.svg" width=400 alt="GY-91 axes">
|
||||
## Disclaimer
|
||||
|
||||
In case of using other IMU orientation, modify the `rotateIMU` function in the `imu.ino` file.
|
||||
This is a DIY project, and I hope you find it interesting and useful. However, it's not easy to assemble and set up, and it's provided "as is" without any warranties. There's no guarantee that it will work perfectly, or even work at all.
|
||||
|
||||
See [FlixPeriph documentation](https://github.com/okalachev/flixperiph?tab=readme-ov-file#imu-axes-orientation) to learn axis orientation of other IMU boards.
|
||||
|
||||
## Version 0
|
||||
|
||||
See the information on the obsolete version 0 in the [corresponding article](docs/version0.md).
|
||||
|
||||
## Materials
|
||||
|
||||
Subscribe to the Telegram channel on developing the drone and the flight controller (in Russian): https://t.me/opensourcequadcopter.
|
||||
|
||||
Join the official Telegram chat: https://t.me/opensourcequadcopterchat.
|
||||
|
||||
Detailed article on Habr.com about the development of the drone (in Russian): https://habr.com/ru/articles/814127/.
|
||||
⚠️ The author is not responsible for any damage, injury, or loss resulting from the use of this project. Use at your own risk!
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
|
||||
board_manager:
|
||||
additional_urls:
|
||||
- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/espressif/arduino-esp32/gh-pages/package_esp32_index.json
|
||||
network:
|
||||
connection_timeout: 1h
|
||||
|
||||
53
docs/assembly.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
|
||||
# Brief assembly guide
|
||||
|
||||
Soldered components ([schematics variant](https://miro.com/app/board/uXjVN-dTjoo=/?moveToWidget=3458764612338222067&cot=14)):
|
||||
|
||||
<img src="img/assembly/1.jpg" width=600>
|
||||
|
||||
<br>Use double-sided tape to attach ESP32 to the top frame part (ESP32 holder):
|
||||
|
||||
<img src="img/assembly/2.jpg" width=600>
|
||||
|
||||
<br>Use two washers to screw the IMU board to the frame:
|
||||
|
||||
<img src="img/assembly/3.jpg" width=600>
|
||||
|
||||
<br>Screw the IMU with M3x5 screws as shown:
|
||||
|
||||
<img src="img/assembly/4.jpg" width=600>
|
||||
|
||||
<br>Install the motors, attach MOSFETs to the frame using tape:
|
||||
|
||||
<img src="img/assembly/5.jpg" width=600>
|
||||
|
||||
<br>Screw the ESP32 holder with M1.4x5 screws to the frame:
|
||||
|
||||
<img src="img/assembly/6.jpg" width=600>
|
||||
|
||||
<br>Assembled drone:
|
||||
|
||||
<img src="img/assembly/7.jpg" width=600>
|
||||
|
||||
## Motor directions
|
||||
|
||||
> [!WARNING]
|
||||
> The drone above is an early build, and it has **inversed** motor directions scheme. The photos only illustrate the assembly process in general.
|
||||
|
||||
Use standard motor directions scheme:
|
||||
|
||||
<img src="img/motors.svg" width=200>
|
||||
|
||||
Motors connection table:
|
||||
|
||||
|Motor|Position|Direction|Prop type|Motor wires|GPIO|
|
||||
|-|-|-|-|-|-|
|
||||
|Motor 0|Rear left|Counter-clockwise|B|Black & White|GPIO12 (*TDI*)|
|
||||
|Motor 1|Rear right|Clockwise|A|Blue & Red|GPIO13 (*TCK*)|
|
||||
|Motor 2|Front right|Counter-clockwise|B|Black & White|GPIO14 (*TMS*)|
|
||||
|Motor 3|Front left|Clockwise|A|Blue & Red|GPIO15 (*TD0*)|
|
||||
|
||||
## Motors tightening
|
||||
|
||||
Motors should be installed very tightly — any vibration may lead to bad attitude estimation and unstable flight. If motors are loose, use tiny tape pieces to fix them tightly as shown below:
|
||||
|
||||
<img src="img/motor-tape.jpg" width=600>
|
||||
4646
docs/assets/flix-frame-1.1.step
Normal file
BIN
docs/assets/flix-frame-1.1.stl
Normal file
@@ -53,6 +53,12 @@ footer a.telegram, footer a.github {
|
||||
border: 1px solid #c9c9c9;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@media (max-width: 600px) {
|
||||
.MathJax_Display {
|
||||
overflow-x: auto;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.firmware {
|
||||
position: relative;
|
||||
margin: 20px 0;
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ description = "Учебник по разработке полетного ко
|
||||
build-dir = "build"
|
||||
|
||||
[output.html]
|
||||
additional-css = ["book.css", "zoom.css"]
|
||||
additional-css = ["book.css", "zoom.css", "rotation.css"]
|
||||
additional-js = ["zoom.js", "js.js"]
|
||||
edit-url-template = "https://github.com/okalachev/flix/blob/master/docs/{path}?plain=1"
|
||||
mathjax-support = true
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
|
||||
> [!IMPORTANT]
|
||||
> Flix — это проект по созданию открытого квадрокоптера на базе ESP32 с нуля и учебника по разработке полетных контроллеров.
|
||||
|
||||
<img src="img/flix1.jpg" class="border" width=500 alt="Flix quadcopter">
|
||||
<img src="img/flix1.1.jpg" class="border" width=500 alt="Flix quadcopter">
|
||||
|
||||
<p class="github">GitHub: <a href="https://github.com/okalachev/flix">github.com/okalachev/flix</a>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -11,8 +11,9 @@
|
||||
* [Светодиод]()
|
||||
* [Моторы]()
|
||||
* [Радиоуправление]()
|
||||
* [Вектор, кватернион](geometry.md)
|
||||
* [Гироскоп](gyro.md)
|
||||
* [Акселерометр]()s
|
||||
* [Акселерометр]()
|
||||
* [Оценка состояния]()
|
||||
* [PID-регулятор]()
|
||||
* [Режим ACRO]()
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
|
||||
# Архитектура прошивки
|
||||
|
||||
<img src="img/dataflow.svg" width=800 alt="Firmware dataflow diagram">
|
||||
Прошивка Flix это обычный скетч Arduino, реализованный в однопоточном стиле. Код инициализации находится в функции `setup()`, а главный цикл — в функции `loop()`. Скетч состоит из нескольких файлов, каждый из которых отвечает за определенную подсистему.
|
||||
|
||||
Главный цикл работает на частоте 1000 Гц. Передача данных между подсистемами происходит через глобальные переменные:
|
||||
<img src="img/dataflow.svg" width=600 alt="Firmware dataflow diagram">
|
||||
|
||||
Главный цикл `loop()` работает на частоте 1000 Гц. Передача данных между подсистемами происходит через глобальные переменные:
|
||||
|
||||
* `t` *(float)* — текущее время шага, *с*.
|
||||
* `dt` *(float)* — дельта времени между текущим и предыдущим шагами, *с*.
|
||||
@@ -10,23 +12,39 @@
|
||||
* `acc` *(Vector)* — данные с акселерометра, *м/с<sup>2</sup>*.
|
||||
* `rates` *(Vector)* — отфильтрованные угловые скорости, *рад/с*.
|
||||
* `attitude` *(Quaternion)* — оценка ориентации (положения) дрона.
|
||||
* `controls` *(float[])* — пользовательские управляющие сигналы с пульта, нормализованные в диапазоне [-1, 1].
|
||||
* `motors` *(float[])* — выходные сигналы на моторы, нормализованные в диапазоне [-1, 1] (возможно вращение в обратную сторону).
|
||||
* `controlRoll`, `controlPitch`, `controlYaw`, `controlThrottle`, `controlMode` *(float)* — команды управления от пилота, в диапазоне [-1, 1].
|
||||
* `motors` *(float[4])* — выходные сигналы на моторы, в диапазоне [0, 1].
|
||||
|
||||
## Исходные файлы
|
||||
|
||||
Исходные файлы прошивки находятся в директории `flix`. Ключевые файлы:
|
||||
Исходные файлы прошивки находятся в директории `flix`. Основные файлы:
|
||||
|
||||
* [`flix.ino`](https://github.com/okalachev/flix/blob/canonical/flix/flix.ino) — основной входной файл, скетч Arduino. Включает определение глобальных переменных и главный цикл.
|
||||
* [`imu.ino`](https://github.com/okalachev/flix/blob/canonical/flix/imu.ino) — чтение данных с датчика IMU (гироскоп и акселерометр), калибровка IMU.
|
||||
* [`rc.ino`](https://github.com/okalachev/flix/blob/canonical/flix/rc.ino) — чтение данных с RC-приемника, калибровка RC.
|
||||
* [`mavlink.ino`](https://github.com/okalachev/flix/blob/canonical/flix/mavlink.ino) — взаимодействие с QGroundControl через MAVLink.
|
||||
* [`estimate.ino`](https://github.com/okalachev/flix/blob/canonical/flix/estimate.ino) — оценка ориентации дрона, комплементарный фильтр.
|
||||
* [`control.ino`](https://github.com/okalachev/flix/blob/canonical/flix/control.ino) — управление ориентацией и угловыми скоростями дрона, трехмерный двухуровневый каскадный PID-регулятор.
|
||||
* [`motors.ino`](https://github.com/okalachev/flix/blob/canonical/flix/motors.ino) — управление выходными сигналами на моторы через ШИМ.
|
||||
* [`flix.ino`](https://github.com/okalachev/flix/blob/master/flix/flix.ino) — основной файл Arduino-скетча. Определяет некоторые глобальные переменные и главный цикл.
|
||||
* [`imu.ino`](https://github.com/okalachev/flix/blob/master/flix/imu.ino) — чтение данных с датчика IMU (гироскоп и акселерометр), калибровка IMU.
|
||||
* [`rc.ino`](https://github.com/okalachev/flix/blob/master/flix/rc.ino) — чтение данных с RC-приемника, калибровка RC.
|
||||
* [`estimate.ino`](https://github.com/okalachev/flix/blob/master/flix/estimate.ino) — оценка ориентации дрона, комплементарный фильтр.
|
||||
* [`control.ino`](https://github.com/okalachev/flix/blob/master/flix/control.ino) — подсистема управления, трехмерный двухуровневый каскадный ПИД-регулятор.
|
||||
* [`motors.ino`](https://github.com/okalachev/flix/blob/master/flix/motors.ino) — выход PWM на моторы.
|
||||
* [`mavlink.ino`](https://github.com/okalachev/flix/blob/master/flix/mavlink.ino) — взаимодействие с QGroundControl или [pyflix](https://github.com/okalachev/flix/tree/master/tools/pyflix) через протокол MAVLink.
|
||||
|
||||
Вспомогательные файлы включают:
|
||||
Вспомогательные файлы:
|
||||
|
||||
* [`vector.h`](https://github.com/okalachev/flix/blob/canonical/flix/vector.h), [`quaternion.h`](https://github.com/okalachev/flix/blob/canonical/flix/quaternion.h) — реализация библиотек векторов и кватернионов проекта.
|
||||
* [`pid.h`](https://github.com/okalachev/flix/blob/canonical/flix/pid.h) — реализация общего ПИД-регулятора.
|
||||
* [`lpf.h`](https://github.com/okalachev/flix/blob/canonical/flix/lpf.h) — реализация общего фильтра нижних частот.
|
||||
* [`vector.h`](https://github.com/okalachev/flix/blob/master/flix/vector.h), [`quaternion.h`](https://github.com/okalachev/flix/blob/master/flix/quaternion.h) — библиотеки векторов и кватернионов.
|
||||
* [`pid.h`](https://github.com/okalachev/flix/blob/master/flix/pid.h) — ПИД-регулятор.
|
||||
* [`lpf.h`](https://github.com/okalachev/flix/blob/master/flix/lpf.h) — фильтр нижних частот.
|
||||
|
||||
### Подсистема управления
|
||||
|
||||
Состояние органов управления обрабатывается в функции `interpretControls()` и преобразуется в *команду управления*, которая включает следующее:
|
||||
|
||||
* `attitudeTarget` *(Quaternion)* — целевая ориентация дрона.
|
||||
* `ratesTarget` *(Vector)* — целевые угловые скорости, *рад/с*.
|
||||
* `ratesExtra` *(Vector)* — дополнительные (feed-forward) угловые скорости, для управления рысканием в режиме STAB, *рад/с*.
|
||||
* `torqueTarget` *(Vector)* — целевой крутящий момент, диапазон [-1, 1].
|
||||
* `thrustTarget` *(float)* — целевая общая тяга, диапазон [0, 1].
|
||||
|
||||
Команда управления обрабатывается в функциях `controlAttitude()`, `controlRates()`, `controlTorque()`. Если значение одной из переменных установлено в `NAN`, то соответствующая функция пропускается.
|
||||
|
||||
<img src="img/control.svg" width=300 alt="Control subsystem diagram">
|
||||
|
||||
Состояние *armed* хранится в переменной `armed`, а текущий режим — в переменной `mode`.
|
||||
|
||||
309
docs/book/geometry.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
|
||||
# Вектор, кватернион
|
||||
|
||||
В алгоритме управления квадрокоптером широко применяются геометрические (и алгебраические) объекты, такие как **векторы** и **кватернионы**. Они позволяют упростить математические вычисления и улучшить читаемость кода. В этой главе мы рассмотрим именно те геометрические объекты, которые используются в алгоритме управления квадрокоптером Flix, причем акцент будет сделан на практических аспектах их использования.
|
||||
|
||||
## Система координат
|
||||
|
||||
### Оси координат
|
||||
|
||||
Для работы с объектами в трехмерном пространстве необходимо определить *систему координат*. Как известно, система координат задается тремя взаимно перпендикулярными осями, которые обозначаются как *X*, *Y* и *Z*. Порядок обозначения этих осей зависит от того, какую систему координат мы выбрали — *левую* или *правую*:
|
||||
|
||||
|Левая система координат|Правая система координат|
|
||||
|-----------------------|------------------------|
|
||||
|<img src="img/left-axes.svg" alt="Левая система координат" width="200">|<img src="img/right-axes.svg" alt="Правая система координат" width="200">|
|
||||
|
||||
В Flix для всех математических расчетов используется **правая система координат**, что является стандартом в робототехнике и авиации.
|
||||
|
||||
Также необходимо выбрать направление осей — в Flix они выбраны в соответствии со стандартом [REP-103](https://www.ros.org/reps/rep-0103.html). Для величин, заданных в подвижной системе координат, связанной с корпусом дрона, применяется порядок <abbr title="Forward Left Up">FLU</abbr>:
|
||||
|
||||
* ось X — направлена **вперед**;
|
||||
* ось Y — направлена **влево**;
|
||||
* ось Z — направлена **вверх**.
|
||||
|
||||
Для величин, заданных в *мировой* системе координат (относительно фиксированной точки в пространстве) — <abbr title="East North Up">ENU</abbr>:
|
||||
|
||||
* ось X — направлена на **восток** (условный);
|
||||
* ось Y — направлена на **север** (условный);
|
||||
* ось Z — направлена **вверх**.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!NOTE]
|
||||
> Для системы ENU важно только взаимное направление осей. Если доступен магнитометр, то используются реальные восток и север, но если нет — то произвольно выбранные.
|
||||
|
||||
Углы и угловые скорости определяются в соответствии с правилами математики: значения увеличиваются против часовой стрелки, если смотреть в сторону начала координат. Общий вид системы координат:
|
||||
|
||||
<img src="img/axes-rotation.svg" alt="Система координат" width="200">
|
||||
|
||||
> [!TIP]
|
||||
> Оси координат <i>X</i>, <i>Y</i> и <i>Z</i> часто обозначаются красными, зелеными и синими цветами соответственно. Запомнить это можно с помощью сокращения <abbr title="Red Green Blue">RGB</abbr>.
|
||||
|
||||
## Вектор
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="firmware">
|
||||
<strong>Файл прошивки:</strong>
|
||||
<a href="https://github.com/okalachev/flix/blob/master/flix/vector.h"><code>vector.h</code></a>.<br>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
**Вектор** — простой геометрический объект, который содержит три значения, соответствующие координатам *X*, *Y* и *Z*. Эти значения называются *компонентами вектора*. Вектор может описывать точку в пространстве, направление или ось вращения, скорость, ускорение, угловые скорости и другие физические величины. В Flix векторы задаются объектами `Vector` из библиотеки `vector.h`:
|
||||
|
||||
```cpp
|
||||
Vector v(1, 2, 3);
|
||||
v.x = 5;
|
||||
v.y = 10;
|
||||
v.z = 15;
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
> [!TIP]
|
||||
> Не следует путать геометрический вектор — <code>vector</code> и динамический массив в стандартной библиотеке C++ — <code>std::vector</code>.
|
||||
|
||||
В прошивке в виде векторов представлены, например:
|
||||
|
||||
* `acc` собственное ускорение с акселерометра.
|
||||
* `gyro` — угловые скорости с гироскопа.
|
||||
* `rates` — рассчитанная угловая скорость дрона.
|
||||
* `accBias`, `accScale`, `gyroBias` — параметры калибровки IMU.
|
||||
|
||||
### Операции с векторами
|
||||
|
||||
**Длина вектора** рассчитывается при помощи теоремы Пифагора; в прошивке используется метод `norm()`:
|
||||
|
||||
```cpp
|
||||
Vector v(3, 4, 5);
|
||||
float length = v.norm(); // 7.071
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Любой вектор можно привести к **единичному вектору** (сохранить направление, но сделать длину равной 1) при помощи метода `normalize()`:
|
||||
|
||||
```cpp
|
||||
Vector v(3, 4, 5);
|
||||
v.normalize(); // 0.424, 0.566, 0.707
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Сложение и вычитание** векторов реализуется через простое покомпонентное сложение и вычитание. Геометрически сумма векторов представляет собой вектор, который соединяет начало первого вектора с концом второго. Разность векторов представляет собой вектор, который соединяет конец первого вектора с концом второго. Это удобно для расчета относительных позиций, суммарных скоростей и решения других задач. В коде эти операции интуитивно понятны:
|
||||
|
||||
```cpp
|
||||
Vector a(1, 2, 3);
|
||||
Vector b(4, 5, 6);
|
||||
Vector sum = a + b; // 5, 7, 9
|
||||
Vector diff = a - b; // -3, -3, -3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Операция **умножения на число** `n` увеличивает (или уменьшает) длину вектора в `n` раз (сохраняя направление):
|
||||
|
||||
```cpp
|
||||
Vector a(1, 2, 3);
|
||||
Vector b = a * 2; // 2, 4, 6
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
В некоторых случаях полезна операция **покомпонентного умножения** (или деления) векторов. Например, для применения коэффициентов калибровки к данным с IMU. В разных библиотеках эта операция обозначается по разному, но в библиотеке `vector.h` используется простые знаки `*` и `/`:
|
||||
|
||||
```cpp
|
||||
acc = acc / accScale;
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Угол между векторами** можно найти при помощи статического метода `Vector::angleBetween()`:
|
||||
|
||||
```cpp
|
||||
Vector a(1, 0, 0);
|
||||
Vector b(0, 1, 0);
|
||||
float angle = Vector::angleBetween(a, b); // 1.57 (90 градусов)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Скалярное произведение
|
||||
|
||||
Скалярное произведение векторов (*dot product*) — это произведение длин двух векторов на косинус угла между ними. В математике оно обозначается знаком `·` или слитным написанием векторов. Интуитивно, результат скалярного произведения показывает, насколько два вектора *сонаправлены*.
|
||||
|
||||
В Flix используется статический метод `Vector::dot()`:
|
||||
|
||||
```cpp
|
||||
Vector a(1, 2, 3);
|
||||
Vector b(4, 5, 6);
|
||||
float dotProduct = Vector::dot(a, b); // 32
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Операция скалярного произведения может помочь, например, при расчете проекции одного вектора на другой.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Векторное произведение
|
||||
|
||||
Векторное произведение (*cross product*) позволяет найти вектор, перпендикулярный двум другим векторам. В математике оно обозначается знаком `×`, а в прошивке используется статический метод `Vector::cross()`:
|
||||
|
||||
```cpp
|
||||
Vector a(1, 2, 3);
|
||||
Vector b(4, 5, 6);
|
||||
Vector crossProduct = Vector::cross(a, b); // -3, 6, -3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Кватернион
|
||||
|
||||
### Ориентация в трехмерном пространстве
|
||||
|
||||
В отличие от позиции и скорости, у ориентации в трехмерном пространстве нет универсального для всех случаев способа представления. В зависимости от задачи ориентация может быть представлена в виде *углов Эйлера*, *матрицы поворота*, *вектора вращения* или *кватерниона*. Рассмотрим используемые в полетной прошивке способы представления ориентации.
|
||||
|
||||
### Углы Эйлера
|
||||
|
||||
**Углы Эйлера** — *крен*, *тангаж* и *рыскание* — это наиболее «естественный» для человека способ представления ориентации. Они описывают последовательные вращения объекта вокруг трех осей координат.
|
||||
|
||||
В прошивке углы Эйлера сохраняются в обычный объект `Vector` (хоть и, строго говоря, не являются вектором):
|
||||
|
||||
* Угол по крену (*roll*) — `vector.x`.
|
||||
* Угол по тангажу (*pitch*) — `vector.y`.
|
||||
* Угол по рысканию (*yaw*) — `vector.z`.
|
||||
|
||||
Особенности углов Эйлера:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Углы Эйлера зависят от порядка применения вращений, то есть существует 6 типов углов Эйлера. Порядок вращений, принятый в Flix (и в роботехнике в целом) — рыскание, тангаж, крен (ZYX).
|
||||
2. Для некоторых ориентаций углы Эйлера «вырождаются». Так, если объект «смотрит» строго вниз, то угол по рысканию и угол по крену становятся неразличимыми. Эта ситуация называется *gimbal lock* — потеря одной степени свободы.
|
||||
|
||||
Ввиду этих особенности для углов Эйлера не существует общих формул для самых базовых задач с ориентациями, таких как применение одного вращения (ориентации) к другому, расчет разницы между ориентациями и подобных. Поэтому в основном углы Эйлера применяются в пользовательском интерфейсе, но редко используются в математических расчетах.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!IMPORTANT]
|
||||
> Для углов Эйлера не существует общих формул для самых базовых операций с ориентациями.
|
||||
|
||||
### Axis-angle
|
||||
|
||||
Помимо углов Эйлера, любую ориентацию в трехмерном пространстве можно представить в виде вращения вокруг некоторой оси на некоторый угол. В геометрии это доказывается, как **теорема вращения Эйлера**. В таком представлении ориентация задается двумя величинами:
|
||||
|
||||
* **Ось вращения** (*axis*) — единичный вектор, определяющий ось вращения.
|
||||
* **Угол поворота** (*angle* или *θ*) — угол, на который нужно повернуть объект вокруг этой оси.
|
||||
|
||||
В Flix ось вращения задается объектом `Vector`, а угол поворота — числом типа `float` в радианах:
|
||||
|
||||
```cpp
|
||||
// Вращение на 45 градусов вокруг оси (1, 2, 3)
|
||||
Vector axis(1, 2, 3);
|
||||
float angle = radians(45);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Этот способ более удобен для расчетов, чем углы Эйлера, но все еще не является оптимальным.
|
||||
|
||||
### Вектор вращения
|
||||
|
||||
Если умножить вектор *axis* на угол поворота *θ*, то получится **вектор вращения** (*rotation vector*). Этот вектор играет важную роль в алгоритмах управления ориентацией летательного аппарата.
|
||||
|
||||
Вектор вращения обладает замечательным свойством: если угловые скорости объекта (в собственной системе координат) в каждый момент времени совпадают с компонентами этого вектора, то за единичное время объект придет к заданной этим вектором ориентации. Это свойство позволяет использовать вектор вращения для управления ориентацией объекта посредством управления угловыми скоростями.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!IMPORTANT]
|
||||
> Чтобы за единичное время прийти к заданной ориентации, собственные угловые скорости объекта должны быть равны компонентам вектора вращения.
|
||||
|
||||
Вектора вращения в Flix представляются в виде объектов `Vector`:
|
||||
|
||||
```cpp
|
||||
// Вращение на 45 градусов вокруг оси (1, 2, 3)
|
||||
Vector rotation = radians(45) * Vector(1, 2, 3);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Кватернион
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="firmware">
|
||||
<strong>Файл прошивки:</strong>
|
||||
<a href="https://github.com/okalachev/flix/blob/master/flix/quaternion.h"><code>quaternion.h</code></a>.<br>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Вектор вращения удобен, но еще удобнее использовать **кватернион**. В Flix кватернионы задаются объектами `Quaternion` из библиотеки `quaternion.h`. Кватернион состоит из четырех значений: *w*, *x*, *y*, *z* и рассчитывается из вектора оси вращения (*axis*) и угла поворота (*θ*) по формуле:
|
||||
|
||||
\\[ q = \left( \begin{array}{c} w \\\\ x \\\\ y \\\\ z \end{array} \right) = \left( \begin{array}{c} \cos\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right) \\\\ axis\_x \cdot \sin\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right) \\\\ axis\_y \cdot \sin\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right) \\\\ axis\_z \cdot \sin\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right) \end{array} \right) \\]
|
||||
|
||||
На практике оказывается, что **именно такое представление наиболее удобно для математических расчетов**.
|
||||
|
||||
Проиллюстрируем кватернион и описанные выше способы представления ориентации на интерактивной визуализации. Изменяйте угол поворота *θ* с помощью ползунка (ось вращения константна) и изучите, как меняется ориентация объекта, вектор вращения и кватернион:
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="rotation-diagram" class="diagram">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<label class="angle" for="angle-range"></label>
|
||||
<input type="range" name="angle" id="angle-range" min="0" max="360" value="0" step="1">
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p class="axis"></p>
|
||||
<p class="rotation-vector"></p>
|
||||
<p class="quaternion"></p>
|
||||
<p class="euler"></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<script type="importmap">
|
||||
{
|
||||
"imports": {
|
||||
"three": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/three@0.176.0/build/three.module.js",
|
||||
"three/addons/": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/three@0.176.0/examples/jsm/"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
</script>
|
||||
<script type="module" src="js/rotation.js"></script>
|
||||
|
||||
> [!IMPORTANT]
|
||||
> В контексте управляющих алгоритмов кватернион — это оптимизированный для расчетов аналог вектора вращения.
|
||||
|
||||
Кватернион это наиболее часто используемый способ представления ориентации в алгоритмах. Кроме этого, у кватерниона есть большое значение в теории чисел и алгебре, как у расширения понятия комплексного числа, но рассмотрение этого аспекта выходит за рамки описания работы с вращениями с практической точки зрения.
|
||||
|
||||
В прошивке в виде кватернионов представлены, например:
|
||||
|
||||
* `attitude` — текущая ориентация квадрокоптера.
|
||||
* `attitudeTarget` — целевая ориентация квадрокоптера.
|
||||
|
||||
### Операции с кватернионами
|
||||
|
||||
Кватернион создается напрямую из четырех его компонент:
|
||||
|
||||
```cpp
|
||||
// Кватернион, представляющий нулевую (исходную) ориентацию
|
||||
Quaternion q(1, 0, 0, 0);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Кватернион можно создать из оси вращения и угла поворота, вектора вращения или углов Эйлера:
|
||||
|
||||
```cpp
|
||||
Quaternion q1 = Quaternion::fromAxisAngle(axis, angle);
|
||||
Quaternion q2 = Quaternion::fromRotationVector(rotation);
|
||||
Quaternion q3 = Quaternion::fromEuler(Vector(roll, pitch, yaw));
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
И наоборот:
|
||||
|
||||
```cpp
|
||||
q1.toAxisAngle(axis, angle);
|
||||
Vector rotation = q2.toRotationVector();
|
||||
Vector euler = q3.toEuler();
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Возможно рассчитать вращение между двумя обычными векторами:
|
||||
|
||||
```cpp
|
||||
Quaternion q = Quaternion::fromBetweenVectors(v1, v2); // в виде кватерниона
|
||||
Vector rotation = Vector::rotationVectorBetween(v1, v2); // в виде вектора вращения
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Шорткаты для работы с углом Эйлера по рысканью (удобно для алгоритмов управления полетом):
|
||||
|
||||
```cpp
|
||||
float yaw = q.getYaw();
|
||||
q.setYaw(yaw);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Применения вращений
|
||||
|
||||
Чтобы применить вращение, выраженное в кватернионе, к другому кватерниону, в математике используется операция **умножения кватернионов**. При использовании этой операции, необходимо учитывать, что она не является коммутативной, то есть порядок операндов имеет значение. Формула умножения кватернионов выглядит так:
|
||||
|
||||
\\[ q_1 \times q_2 = \left( \begin{array}{c} w_1 \\\\ x_1 \\\\ y_1 \\\\ z_1 \end{array} \right) \times \left( \begin{array}{c} w_2 \\\\ x_2 \\\\ y_2 \\\\ z_2 \end{array} \right) = \left( \begin{array}{c} w_1 w_2 - x_1 x_2 - y_1 y_2 - z_1 z_2 \\\\ w_1 x_2 + x_1 w_2 + y_1 z_2 - z_1 y_2 \\\\ w_1 y_2 - x_1 z_2 + y_1 w_2 + z_1 x_2 \\\\ w_1 z_2 + x_1 y_2 - y_1 x_2 + z_1 w_2 \end{array} \right) \\]
|
||||
|
||||
В библиотеке `quaternion.h` для этой операции используется статический метод `Quaternion::rotate()`:
|
||||
|
||||
```cpp
|
||||
// Композиция вращений q1 и q2
|
||||
Quaternion result = Quaternion::rotate(q1, q2);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Также полезной является операция применения вращения к вектору, которая делается похожим образом:
|
||||
|
||||
```cpp
|
||||
// Вращение вектора v кватернионом q
|
||||
Vector result = Quaternion::rotateVector(v, q);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Для расчета разницы между двумя ориентациями используется метод `Quaternion::between()`:
|
||||
|
||||
```cpp
|
||||
// Расчет вращения от q1 к q2
|
||||
Quaternion q = Quaternion::between(q1, q2);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Дополнительные материалы
|
||||
|
||||
* [Интерактивный учебник по кватернионам](https://eater.net/quaternions).
|
||||
* [Визуализация вращения вектора с помощью кватернионов](https://quaternions.online).
|
||||
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
||||
# Гироскоп
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="firmware">
|
||||
<strong>Файл прошивки Flix:</strong>
|
||||
<strong>Файл прошивки:</strong>
|
||||
<a href="https://github.com/okalachev/flix/blob/canonical/flix/imu.ino"><code>imu.ino</code></a> <small>(каноничная версия)</small>.<br>
|
||||
Текущая версия: <a href="https://github.com/okalachev/flix/blob/master/flix/imu.ino"><code>imu.ino</code></a>.
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ void setup() {
|
||||
|
||||
Для однократного считывания данных используется метод `read()`. Затем данные с гироскопа получаются при помощи метода `getGyro(x, y, z)`. Этот метод записывает в переменные `x`, `y` и `z` угловые скорости вокруг соответствующих осей в радианах в секунду.
|
||||
|
||||
Если нужно гарантировать, что будут считаны новые данные, можно использовать метод `waitForData()`. Этот метод блокирует выполнение программы до тех пор, пока в IMU не появятся новые данные. Метод `waitForData()` позволяет привязать частоту главного цикла `loop` к частоте обновления данных IMU. Это удобно для организации главного цикла управления квадрокоптером.
|
||||
Если нужно гарантировать, что будут считаны новые данные, можно использовать метод `waitForData()`. Этот метод блокирует выполнение программы до тех пор, пока в IMU не появятся новые данные. Метод `waitForData()` позволяет привязать частоту главного цикла `loop` к частоте обновления данных IMU. Это удобно для организации главного цикла управления квадрокоптером.
|
||||
|
||||
Программа для чтения данных с гироскопа и вывода их в консоль для построения графиков в Serial Plotter выглядит так:
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ void loop() {
|
||||
|
||||
### Частота сэмплов
|
||||
|
||||
Большинство IMU могут обновлять данные с разной частотой. В полетных контроллерах обычно используется частота обновления от 500 Гц до 8 кГц. Чем выше частота сэмплов, тем выше точность управления полетом, но и больше нагрузка на микроконтроллер. В Flix используется частота сэмплов 1 кГц.
|
||||
Большинство IMU могут обновлять данные с разной частотой. В полетных контроллерах обычно используется частота обновления от 500 Гц до 8 кГц. Чем выше частота сэмплов, тем выше точность управления полетом, но и больше нагрузка на микроконтроллер.
|
||||
|
||||
Частота сэмплов устанавливается методом `setSampleRate()`. В Flix используется частота 1 кГц:
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ IMU.setRate(IMU.RATE_1KHZ_APPROX);
|
||||
|
||||
* `RATE_MIN` — минимальная частота сэмплов для конкретного IMU.
|
||||
* `RATE_50HZ_APPROX` — значение, близкое к 50 Гц.
|
||||
* `RATE_1KHZ_APPROX` — значение, близкое к 1 кГц.
|
||||
* `RATE_1KHZ_APPROX` — значение, близкое к 1 кГц.
|
||||
* `RATE_8KHZ_APPROX` — значение, близкое к 8 кГц.
|
||||
* `RATE_MAX` — максимальная частота сэмплов для конкретного IMU.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
262
docs/book/js/rotation.js
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
|
||||
import * as THREE from 'three';
|
||||
import { SVGRenderer, SVGObject } from 'three/addons/renderers/SVGRenderer.js';
|
||||
import { OrbitControls } from 'three/addons/controls/OrbitControls.js';
|
||||
|
||||
const diagramEl = document.getElementById('rotation-diagram');
|
||||
|
||||
const scene = new THREE.Scene();
|
||||
scene.background = new THREE.Color(0xffffff);
|
||||
|
||||
const camera = new THREE.OrthographicCamera();
|
||||
|
||||
camera.position.set(9, 26, 20);
|
||||
camera.up.set(0, 0, 1);
|
||||
camera.lookAt(0, 0, 0);
|
||||
|
||||
const renderer = new SVGRenderer();
|
||||
diagramEl.prepend(renderer.domElement);
|
||||
|
||||
const controls = new OrbitControls(camera, renderer.domElement);
|
||||
controls.enableZoom = false;
|
||||
|
||||
const LINE_WIDTH = 4;
|
||||
|
||||
function createLabel(text, x, y, z, min = false) {
|
||||
const label = document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'text');
|
||||
label.setAttribute('class', 'label' + (min ? ' min' : ''));
|
||||
label.textContent = text;
|
||||
label.setAttribute('y', -15);
|
||||
const object = new SVGObject(label);
|
||||
object.position.x = x;
|
||||
object.position.y = y;
|
||||
object.position.z = z;
|
||||
return object;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function createLine(x1, y1, z1, x2, y2, z2, color) {
|
||||
const geometry = new THREE.BufferGeometry().setFromPoints([
|
||||
new THREE.Vector3(x1, y1, z1),
|
||||
new THREE.Vector3(x2, y2, z2)
|
||||
]);
|
||||
const material = new THREE.LineBasicMaterial({ color: color, linewidth: LINE_WIDTH, transparent: true, opacity: 0.8 });
|
||||
const line = new THREE.Line(geometry, material);
|
||||
scene.add(line);
|
||||
return line;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function changeLine(line, x1, y1, z1, x2, y2, z2) {
|
||||
line.geometry.setFromPoints([new THREE.Vector3(x1, y1, z1), new THREE.Vector3(x2, y2, z2)]);
|
||||
return line;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function createVector(x1, y1, z1, x2, y2, z2, color, label = '') {
|
||||
const HEAD_LENGTH = 1;
|
||||
const HEAD_WIDTH = 0.2;
|
||||
|
||||
const group = new THREE.Group();
|
||||
const direction = new THREE.Vector3(x2 - x1, y2 - y1, z2 - z1).normalize();
|
||||
const norm = new THREE.Vector3(x2 - x1, y2 - y1, z2 - z1).length();
|
||||
let end = new THREE.Vector3(x2, y2, z2);
|
||||
|
||||
if (norm > HEAD_LENGTH) {
|
||||
end = new THREE.Vector3(x2 - direction.x * HEAD_LENGTH / 2, y2 - direction.y * HEAD_LENGTH / 2, z2 - direction.z * HEAD_LENGTH / 2);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// create line
|
||||
const geometry = new THREE.BufferGeometry().setFromPoints([new THREE.Vector3(x1, y1, z1), end]);
|
||||
const material = new THREE.LineBasicMaterial({ color: color, linewidth: LINE_WIDTH, transparent: true, opacity: 0.8 });
|
||||
const line = new THREE.Line(geometry, material);
|
||||
group.add(line);
|
||||
|
||||
if (norm > HEAD_LENGTH) {
|
||||
// Create arrow
|
||||
const arrowGeometry = new THREE.ConeGeometry(HEAD_WIDTH, HEAD_LENGTH, 16);
|
||||
const arrowMaterial = new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial({ color: color });
|
||||
const arrow = new THREE.Mesh(arrowGeometry, arrowMaterial);
|
||||
arrow.position.set(x2 - direction.x * HEAD_LENGTH / 2, y2 - direction.y * HEAD_LENGTH / 2, z2 - direction.z * HEAD_LENGTH / 2);
|
||||
arrow.lookAt(new THREE.Vector3(x1, y1, z1));
|
||||
arrow.rotateX(-Math.PI / 2);
|
||||
group.add(arrow);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// create label
|
||||
if (label) group.add(createLabel(label, x2, y2, z2));
|
||||
scene.add(group);
|
||||
return group;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function changeVector(vector, x1, y1, z1, x2, y2, z2, color, label = '') {
|
||||
vector.removeFromParent();
|
||||
return createVector(x1, y1, z1, x2, y2, z2, color, label);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function createDrone(x, y, z) {
|
||||
const group = new THREE.Group();
|
||||
|
||||
// Fuselage and wing triangle (main body)
|
||||
const fuselageGeometry = new THREE.BufferGeometry();
|
||||
const fuselageVertices = new Float32Array([
|
||||
1, 0, 0,
|
||||
-1, 0.6, 0,
|
||||
-1, -0.6, 0
|
||||
]);
|
||||
fuselageGeometry.setAttribute('position', new THREE.BufferAttribute(fuselageVertices, 3));
|
||||
const fuselageMaterial = new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial({ color: 0xb3b3b3, side: THREE.DoubleSide, transparent: true, opacity: 0.8 });
|
||||
const fuselage = new THREE.Mesh(fuselageGeometry, fuselageMaterial);
|
||||
group.add(fuselage);
|
||||
|
||||
// Tail triangle
|
||||
const tailGeometry = new THREE.BufferGeometry();
|
||||
const tailVertices = new Float32Array([
|
||||
-0.2, 0, 0,
|
||||
-1, 0, 0,
|
||||
-1, 0, 0.5,
|
||||
]);
|
||||
tailGeometry.setAttribute('position', new THREE.BufferAttribute(tailVertices, 3));
|
||||
const tailMaterial = new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial({ color: 0xd80100, side: THREE.DoubleSide, transparent: true, opacity: 0.9 });
|
||||
const tail = new THREE.Mesh(tailGeometry, tailMaterial);
|
||||
group.add(tail);
|
||||
|
||||
group.position.set(x, y, z);
|
||||
group.scale.set(2, 2, 2);
|
||||
scene.add(group);
|
||||
return group;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Create axes
|
||||
const AXES_LENGTH = 10;
|
||||
createVector(0, 0, 0, AXES_LENGTH, 0, 0, 0xd80100, 'x');
|
||||
createVector(0, 0, 0, 0, AXES_LENGTH, 0, 0x0076ba, 'y');
|
||||
createVector(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, AXES_LENGTH, 0x57ed00, 'z');
|
||||
|
||||
// Rotation values
|
||||
const rotationAxisSrc = new THREE.Vector3(2, 1, 3);
|
||||
let rotationAngle = 0;
|
||||
let rotationAxis = rotationAxisSrc.clone().normalize();
|
||||
let rotationVector = new THREE.Vector3(rotationAxis.x * rotationAngle, rotationAxis.y * rotationAngle, rotationAxis.z * rotationAngle);
|
||||
|
||||
let rotationVectorObj = createVector(0, 0, 0, rotationVector.x, rotationVector.y, rotationVector.z, 0xff9900);
|
||||
let axisObj = createLine(0, 0, 0, rotationAxis.x * AXES_LENGTH, rotationAxis.y * AXES_LENGTH, rotationAxis.z * AXES_LENGTH, 0xe8e8e8);
|
||||
|
||||
const drone = createDrone(0, 0, 0);
|
||||
|
||||
// UI
|
||||
const angleInput = diagramEl.querySelector('input[name=angle]');
|
||||
const rotationVectorEl = diagramEl.querySelector('.rotation-vector');
|
||||
const angleEl = diagramEl.querySelector('.angle');
|
||||
const quaternionEl = diagramEl.querySelector('.quaternion');
|
||||
const eulerEl = diagramEl.querySelector('.euler');
|
||||
diagramEl.querySelector('.axis').innerHTML = `<b style='color:#b6b6b6'>Ось вращения:</b> (${rotationAxisSrc.x}, ${rotationAxisSrc.y}, ${rotationAxisSrc.z}) ∥ (${rotationAxis.x.toFixed(1)}, ${rotationAxis.y.toFixed(1)}, ${rotationAxis.z.toFixed(1)})`;
|
||||
|
||||
function updateScene() {
|
||||
rotationAngle = parseFloat(angleInput.value) * Math.PI / 180;
|
||||
rotationVector.set(rotationAxis.x * rotationAngle, rotationAxis.y * rotationAngle, rotationAxis.z * rotationAngle);
|
||||
rotationVectorObj = changeVector(rotationVectorObj, 0, 0, 0, rotationVector.x, rotationVector.y, rotationVector.z, 0xff9900);
|
||||
|
||||
// rotate drone
|
||||
drone.rotation.set(0, 0, 0);
|
||||
drone.rotateOnAxis(rotationAxis, rotationAngle);
|
||||
|
||||
// update labels
|
||||
angleEl.innerHTML = `<b>Угол вращения:</b> ${parseFloat(angleInput.value).toFixed(0)}° = ${(rotationAngle).toFixed(2)} рад`;
|
||||
rotationVectorEl.innerHTML = `<b style='color:#e49a44'>Вектор вращения:</b> (${rotationVector.x.toFixed(1)}, ${rotationVector.y.toFixed(1)}, ${rotationVector.z.toFixed(1)}) рад`;
|
||||
|
||||
let quaternion = new THREE.Quaternion();
|
||||
quaternion.setFromAxisAngle(rotationAxis, rotationAngle);
|
||||
|
||||
quaternionEl.innerHTML = `<b>Кватернион:</b>
|
||||
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
|
||||
<mrow>
|
||||
<mo>(</mo>
|
||||
<mrow>
|
||||
<mi>cos</mi>
|
||||
<mo>(</mo>
|
||||
<mfrac>
|
||||
<mi>${rotationAngle.toFixed(2)}</mi>
|
||||
<mn>2</mn>
|
||||
</mfrac>
|
||||
<mo>)</mo>
|
||||
</mrow>
|
||||
<mo>, </mo>
|
||||
<mrow>
|
||||
<mi>${rotationAxis.x.toFixed(1)}</mi>
|
||||
<mo>·</mo>
|
||||
<mi>sin</mi>
|
||||
<mo>(</mo>
|
||||
<mfrac>
|
||||
<mi>${rotationAngle.toFixed(2)}</mi>
|
||||
<mn>2</mn>
|
||||
</mfrac>
|
||||
<mo>)</mo>
|
||||
</mrow>
|
||||
<mo>, </mo>
|
||||
<mrow>
|
||||
<mi>${rotationAxis.y.toFixed(1)}</mi>
|
||||
<mo>·</mo>
|
||||
<mi>sin</mi>
|
||||
<mo>(</mo>
|
||||
<mfrac>
|
||||
<mi>${rotationAngle.toFixed(2)}</mi>
|
||||
<mn>2</mn>
|
||||
</mfrac>
|
||||
<mo>)</mo>
|
||||
</mrow>
|
||||
<mo>,</mo>
|
||||
<mrow>
|
||||
<mi>${rotationAxis.z.toFixed(1)}</mi>
|
||||
<mo>·</mo>
|
||||
<mi>sin</mi>
|
||||
<mo>(</mo>
|
||||
<mfrac>
|
||||
<mi>${rotationAngle.toFixed(2)}</mi>
|
||||
<mn>2</mn>
|
||||
</mfrac>
|
||||
<mo>)</mo>
|
||||
</mrow>
|
||||
<mo>)</mo>
|
||||
</mrow>
|
||||
</math>
|
||||
= (${quaternion.w.toFixed(1)}, ${(quaternion.x).toFixed(1)}, ${(quaternion.y).toFixed(1)}, ${(quaternion.z).toFixed(1)})`;
|
||||
|
||||
eulerEl.innerHTML = `<b>Углы Эйлера:</b> крен ${(drone.rotation.x * 180 / Math.PI).toFixed(0)}°,
|
||||
тангаж ${(drone.rotation.y * 180 / Math.PI).toFixed(0)}°, рыскание ${(drone.rotation.z * 180 / Math.PI).toFixed(0)}°`;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function updateCamera() {
|
||||
const RANGE = 8;
|
||||
const VERT_SHIFT = 2;
|
||||
const HOR_SHIFT = -2;
|
||||
const width = renderer.domElement.clientWidth;
|
||||
const height = renderer.domElement.clientHeight;
|
||||
const ratio = width / height;
|
||||
if (ratio > 1) {
|
||||
camera.left = -RANGE * ratio;
|
||||
camera.right = RANGE * ratio;
|
||||
camera.top = RANGE + VERT_SHIFT;
|
||||
camera.bottom = -RANGE + VERT_SHIFT;
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
camera.left = -RANGE + HOR_SHIFT;
|
||||
camera.right = RANGE + HOR_SHIFT;
|
||||
camera.top = RANGE / ratio + VERT_SHIFT;
|
||||
camera.bottom = -RANGE / ratio + VERT_SHIFT;
|
||||
}
|
||||
camera.updateProjectionMatrix();
|
||||
renderer.setSize(width, height);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function update() {
|
||||
// requestAnimationFrame(update);
|
||||
updateCamera();
|
||||
updateScene();
|
||||
controls.update();
|
||||
renderer.render(scene, camera);
|
||||
}
|
||||
update();
|
||||
|
||||
window.addEventListener('resize', update);
|
||||
angleInput.addEventListener('input', update);
|
||||
angleInput.addEventListener('change', update);
|
||||
diagramEl.addEventListener('mousemove', update);
|
||||
diagramEl.addEventListener('touchmove', update);
|
||||
diagramEl.addEventListener('scroll', update);
|
||||
diagramEl.addEventListener('wheel', update);
|
||||
172
docs/build.md
@@ -1,170 +1,2 @@
|
||||
# Building and running
|
||||
|
||||
To build the firmware or the simulator, you need to clone the repository using git:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
git clone https://github.com/okalachev/flix.git
|
||||
cd flix
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Simulation
|
||||
|
||||
### Ubuntu 20.04
|
||||
|
||||
The latest version of Ubuntu supported by Gazebo 11 simulator is 20.04. If you have a newer version, consider using a virtual machine.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Install Arduino CLI:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/arduino/arduino-cli/master/install.sh | BINDIR=~/.local/bin sh
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
2. Install Gazebo 11:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
curl -sSL http://get.gazebosim.org | sh
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Set up your Gazebo environment variables:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
echo "source /usr/share/gazebo/setup.sh" >> ~/.bashrc
|
||||
source ~/.bashrc
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
3. Install SDL2 and other dependencies:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install build-essential libsdl2-dev
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
4. Add your user to the `input` group to enable joystick support (you need to re-login after this command):
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
sudo usermod -a -G input $USER
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
5. Run the simulation:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
make simulator
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### macOS
|
||||
|
||||
1. Install Homebrew package manager, if you don't have it installed:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
/bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/HEAD/install.sh)"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
2. Install Arduino CLI, Gazebo 11 and SDL2:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
brew tap osrf/simulation
|
||||
brew install arduino-cli
|
||||
brew install gazebo11
|
||||
brew install sdl2
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Set up your Gazebo environment variables:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
echo "source /opt/homebrew/share/gazebo/setup.sh" >> ~/.zshrc
|
||||
source ~/.zshrc
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
3. Run the simulation:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
make simulator
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Setup and flight
|
||||
|
||||
#### Control with smartphone
|
||||
|
||||
1. Install [QGroundControl mobile app](https://docs.qgroundcontrol.com/master/en/qgc-user-guide/getting_started/download_and_install.html#android) on your smartphone.
|
||||
2. Connect your smartphone to the same Wi-Fi network as the machine running the simulator.
|
||||
3. If you're using a virtual machine, make sure that its network is set to the **bridged** mode with Wi-Fi adapter selected.
|
||||
4. Run the simulation.
|
||||
5. Open QGroundControl app. It should connect and begin showing the virtual drone's telemetry automatically.
|
||||
6. Go to the settings and enable *Virtual Joystick*. *Auto-Center Throttle* setting **should be disabled**.
|
||||
7. Use the virtual joystick to fly the drone!
|
||||
|
||||
#### Control with USB remote control
|
||||
|
||||
1. Connect your USB remote control to the machine running the simulator.
|
||||
2. Run the simulation.
|
||||
3. Calibrate the RC using `cr` command in the command line interface.
|
||||
4. Run the simulation again.
|
||||
5. Use the USB remote control to fly the drone!
|
||||
|
||||
## Firmware
|
||||
|
||||
### Arduino IDE (Windows, Linux, macOS)
|
||||
|
||||
1. Install [Arduino IDE](https://www.arduino.cc/en/software) (version 2 is recommended).
|
||||
2. Install ESP32 core, version 3.0.7 (version 2.x is not supported). See the [official Espressif's instructions](https://docs.espressif.com/projects/arduino-esp32/en/latest/installing.html#installing-using-arduino-ide) on installing ESP32 Core in Arduino IDE.
|
||||
3. Install the following libraries using [Library Manager](https://docs.arduino.cc/software/ide-v2/tutorials/ide-v2-installing-a-library):
|
||||
* `FlixPeriph`, the latest version.
|
||||
* `MAVLink`, version 2.0.12.
|
||||
4. Clone the project using git or [download the source code as a ZIP archive](https://codeload.github.com/okalachev/flix/zip/refs/heads/master).
|
||||
5. Open the downloaded Arduino sketch `flix/flix.ino` in Arduino IDE.
|
||||
6. [Build and upload](https://docs.arduino.cc/software/ide-v2/tutorials/getting-started/ide-v2-uploading-a-sketch) the firmware using Arduino IDE.
|
||||
|
||||
### Command line (Windows, Linux, macOS)
|
||||
|
||||
1. [Install Arduino CLI](https://arduino.github.io/arduino-cli/installation/).
|
||||
2. Windows users might need to install [USB to UART bridge driver from Silicon Labs](https://www.silabs.com/developers/usb-to-uart-bridge-vcp-drivers).
|
||||
3. Compile the firmware using `make`. Arduino dependencies will be installed automatically:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
make
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
You can flash the firmware to the board using command:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
make upload
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
You can also compile the firmware, upload it and start serial port monitoring using command:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
make upload monitor
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
See other available Make commands in the [Makefile](../Makefile).
|
||||
|
||||
### Setup and flight
|
||||
|
||||
Before flight you need to calibrate the accelerometer:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Open Serial Monitor in Arduino IDE (use use `make monitor` command in the command line).
|
||||
2. Type `ca` command there and follow the instructions.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Control with smartphone
|
||||
|
||||
1. Install [QGroundControl mobile app](https://docs.qgroundcontrol.com/master/en/qgc-user-guide/getting_started/download_and_install.html#android) on your smartphone.
|
||||
2. Power the drone using the battery.
|
||||
3. Connect your smartphone to the appeared `flix` Wi-Fi network.
|
||||
4. Open QGroundControl app. It should connect and begin showing the drone's telemetry automatically.
|
||||
5. Go to the settings and enable *Virtual Joystick*. *Auto-Center Throttle* setting **should be disabled**.
|
||||
6. Use the virtual joystick to fly the drone!
|
||||
|
||||
#### Control with remote control
|
||||
|
||||
Before flight using remote control, you need to calibrate it:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Open Serial Monitor in Arduino IDE (use use `make monitor` command in the command line).
|
||||
2. Type `cr` command there and follow the instructions.
|
||||
|
||||
Then you can use your remote control to fly the drone!
|
||||
|
||||
> [!NOTE]
|
||||
> If something goes wrong, go to the [Troubleshooting](troubleshooting.md) article.
|
||||
|
||||
### Firmware code structure
|
||||
|
||||
See [firmware overview](firmware.md) for more details.
|
||||
<!-- markdownlint-disable MD041 -->
|
||||
Build instructions are moved to [usage article](usage.md).
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,37 +1,67 @@
|
||||
# Firmware overview
|
||||
|
||||
The firmware is a regular Arduino sketch, and it follows the classic Arduino one-threaded design. The initialization code is in the `setup()` function, and the main loop is in the `loop()` function. The sketch includes several files, each responsible for a specific subsystem.
|
||||
|
||||
## Dataflow
|
||||
|
||||
<img src="img/dataflow.svg" width=800 alt="Firmware dataflow diagram">
|
||||
<img src="img/dataflow.svg" width=600 alt="Firmware dataflow diagram">
|
||||
|
||||
The main loop is running at 1000 Hz. All the dataflow is happening through global variables (for simplicity):
|
||||
The main loop is running at 1000 Hz. The dataflow goes through global variables, including:
|
||||
|
||||
* `t` *(float)* — current step time, *s*.
|
||||
* `t` *(float)* — current step time, *s*.
|
||||
* `dt` *(float)* — time delta between the current and previous steps, *s*.
|
||||
* `gyro` *(Vector)* — data from the gyroscope, *rad/s*.
|
||||
* `acc` *(Vector)* — acceleration data from the accelerometer, *m/s<sup>2</sup>*.
|
||||
* `rates` *(Vector)* — filtered angular rates, *rad/s*.
|
||||
* `attitude` *(Quaternion)* — estimated attitude (orientation) of drone.
|
||||
* `controls` *(float[])* — user control inputs from the RC, normalized to [-1, 1] range.
|
||||
* `motors` *(float[])* — motor outputs, normalized to [-1, 1] range; reverse rotation is possible.
|
||||
* `controlRoll`, `controlPitch`, `controlYaw`, `controlThrottle`, `controlMode` *(float)* — pilot control inputs, range [-1, 1].
|
||||
* `motors` *(float[4])* — motor outputs, range [0, 1].
|
||||
|
||||
## Source files
|
||||
|
||||
Firmware source files are located in `flix` directory. The key files are:
|
||||
Firmware source files are located in `flix` directory.
|
||||
|
||||
* [`flix.ino`](../flix/flix.ino) — main entry point, Arduino sketch. Includes global variables definition and the main loop.
|
||||
* [`flix.ino`](../flix/flix.ino) — Arduino sketch main file, entry point.Includes some global variable definitions and the main loop.
|
||||
* [`imu.ino`](../flix/imu.ino) — reading data from the IMU sensor (gyroscope and accelerometer), IMU calibration.
|
||||
* [`rc.ino`](../flix/rc.ino) — reading data from the RC receiver, RC calibration.
|
||||
* [`estimate.ino`](../flix/estimate.ino) — drone's attitude estimation, complementary filter.
|
||||
* [`control.ino`](../flix/control.ino) — drone's attitude and rates control, three-dimensional two-level cascade PID controller.
|
||||
* [`motors.ino`](../flix/motors.ino) — PWM motor outputs control.
|
||||
* [`estimate.ino`](../flix/estimate.ino) — attitude estimation, complementary filter.
|
||||
* [`control.ino`](../flix/control.ino) — control subsystem, three-dimensional two-level cascade PID controller.
|
||||
* [`motors.ino`](../flix/motors.ino) — PWM motor output control.
|
||||
* [`mavlink.ino`](../flix/mavlink.ino) — interaction with QGroundControl or [pyflix](../tools/pyflix) via MAVLink protocol.
|
||||
* [`cli.ino`](../flix/cli.ino) — serial and MAVLink console.
|
||||
|
||||
Utility files include:
|
||||
Utility files:
|
||||
|
||||
* [`vector.h`](../flix/vector.h), [`quaternion.h`](../flix/quaternion.h) — project's vector and quaternion libraries implementation.
|
||||
* [`pid.h`](../flix/pid.h) — generic PID controller implementation.
|
||||
* [`lpf.h`](../flix/lpf.h) — generic low-pass filter implementation.
|
||||
* [`vector.h`](../flix/vector.h), [`quaternion.h`](../flix/quaternion.h) — vector and quaternion libraries.
|
||||
* [`pid.h`](../flix/pid.h) — generic PID controller.
|
||||
* [`lpf.h`](../flix/lpf.h) — generic low-pass filter.
|
||||
|
||||
## Building
|
||||
### Control subsystem
|
||||
|
||||
See build instructions in [build.md](build.md).
|
||||
Pilot inputs are interpreted in `interpretControls()`, and then converted to the *control command*, which consists of the following:
|
||||
|
||||
* `attitudeTarget` *(Quaternion)* — target attitude of the drone.
|
||||
* `ratesTarget` *(Vector)* — target angular rates, *rad/s*.
|
||||
* `ratesExtra` *(Vector)* — additional (feed-forward) angular rates , used for yaw rate control in STAB mode, *rad/s*.
|
||||
* `torqueTarget` *(Vector)* — target torque, range [-1, 1].
|
||||
* `thrustTarget` *(float)* — collective thrust target, range [0, 1].
|
||||
|
||||
Control command is handled in `controlAttitude()`, `controlRates()`, `controlTorque()` functions. Each function may be skipped if the corresponding control target is set to `NAN`.
|
||||
|
||||
<img src="img/control.svg" width=300 alt="Control subsystem diagram">
|
||||
|
||||
Armed state is stored in `armed` variable, and current mode is stored in `mode` variable.
|
||||
|
||||
### Console
|
||||
|
||||
To write into the console, `print()` function is used. This function sends data both to the Serial console and to the MAVLink console (which can be accessed wirelessly in QGroundControl). The function supports formatting:
|
||||
|
||||
```cpp
|
||||
print("Test value: %.2f\n", testValue);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
In order to add a console command, modify the `doCommand()` function in `cli.ino` file.
|
||||
|
||||
## Building the firmware
|
||||
|
||||
See build instructions in [usage.md](usage.md).
|
||||
|
||||
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Normal file
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